The exact cause of Autism Spectrum Disorder is unclear. When it was first diagnosed in the U.S. in the 1940s by Dr. Leonard Kennard, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University, the withdrawal symptoms led doctors to believe that it was caused by mothers who were cold, and detached from their children. In recent decades, doctors have renounced that theory.
Today, most scientists agree that genetics is a strong factor, as children with diagnosed siblings have a higher risk of being diagnosed.
Studies also show that approximately 10 percent of children with ASD have genetic disorders, such Down’s and Fragile X Syndromes – a mental impairment causing cognitive and intellectual disabilities. Some scientists maintain that chemicals in pesticides may adversely affect those who are genetically predisposed to autism.
Some prescription drugs taken during pregnancy, specifically valproic acid, used for severe skin disorders and cancer, and thalidomide, prescribed for bipolar disorder and seizures, have also been linked to autism.
Diet, changes in digestive tracts and mercury poisoning have also been named as possible causes. While some believe that the measlesmumps-rubella vaccination causes autism, studies conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and other research institutions have found no conclusive evidence.
There are currently no medical tests to diagnose ASD. A typical diagnosis often involves a team of doctors, which can include a pediatrician, psychologist, behavioral therapist, speech and language pathologist, and occupational therapists. The doctors perform medical history interviews and behavioral questionnaires. Physical examinations are performed to check for a normal growth pattern. Hearing and lead poisoning tests are also routinely conducted.
Electroencephalograph (EEG) tests are also typically performed on children with signs of developmental regression, while magnetic resonance images (MRI) may be conducted if there are signs of differences in the brain structure. A chromosomal analysis may also be ordered.
Early treatment is vital in helping individuals improve their ability to function. Programs which work to improve communication, social interaction, behavior and learning are most successful in treating those with ASD.
While there is a wide variety of treatments and techniques available, the most common treatment methods include applied behavior analysis (ABA), which analyzes behaviors and uses rewards and positive reinforcements as a way to change behaviors; physical therapy to improve coordination and motor skills; and occupational therapy to teach individuals how to perform daily activities, such as feeding, bathing, grooming and dressing; and speech and language therapy to help with communication skills.
Medicines are also used to treat certain behaviors such as seizures, hyperactivity, anxiety and depression, while diets are used to deal with food sensitivities. Recreational and artistic therapies, including music, art and drama, and community support and parent training can also be beneficial.
